All You Need to Know About Polycystic Ovaries

In many cases, a proper diet and weight loss can help alleviate symptoms. However, contraceptives are often needed—not as a cure, but as an effective way to manage many of the symptoms.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common condition affecting a significant number of women, leading to menstrual irregularities, acne, excessive hair growth (hirsutism), or hair thinning on the scalp. It can also contribute to infertility and difficulties in conceiving. The syndrome affects up to 10% of women and can manifest anywhere from adolescence to early adulthood.

What causes polycystic ovary syndrome? In women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), the ovaries do not function normally. Under typical conditions, the ovaries develop a follicle each month—a structure that grows, produces hormones, and eventually releases an egg in a process called ovulation, which occurs mid-cycle. However, in PCOS, the ovaries produce multiple small follicles instead of one mature follicle, leading to hormonal imbalances, most commonly elevated levels of androgens (such as testosterone), which are present in smaller amounts in women under normal conditions. As a result, ovulation may be delayed or may not occur for several months.

What are the symptoms of polycystic ovary syndrome? Women with PCOS may experience:

• Fewer than eight menstrual periods per year

• Weight gain and obesity

• Excessive dark hair growth in areas typical for men, such as the upper lip, chin, chest, and abdomen

• Hair thinning or loss on the scalp, similar to male-pattern baldness

• Acne

• Difficulty conceiving and infertility

When should I see a doctor? Even if your symptoms are mild, it's important to consult a doctor. Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have a higher risk of developing other health conditions, including:

• High blood sugar (diabetes)

• High cholesterol

• Heart diseases, such as coronary artery disease

• Sleep apnea, a condition that disrupts breathing during sleep and causes daytime fatigue

Which doctor should I see and what tests should I have? Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is fundamentally a hormonal disorder, making regular monitoring by an Endocrinologist ideal. In some cases, additional input from a Gynecologist or Dermatologist may be necessary, depending on the symptoms.

Diagnosis follows internationally recognized criteria and involves ruling out other, rarer but more serious endocrine disorders that may present with similar symptoms. Depending on the patient’s age, symptoms, and medical history, possible tests may include:

• Blood tests to assess hormone levels, blood sugar, and cholesterol

• Pregnancy test if there has been a prolonged absence of menstruation

• Pelvic ultrasound, a safe, radiation-free imaging method to examine the uterus and ovaries and measure follicle count

It’s important to note that while polycystic ovaries are frequently seen on ultrasound, their presence alone is not enough to diagnose PCOS. A proper diagnosis requires applying international criteria, and having polycystic ovaries does not necessarily indicate a health problem on its own.

How is polycystic ovary syndrome treated? In many cases, maintaining a healthy diet and losing weight can help improve symptoms. However, contraceptives are often required—not as a cure, but as an effective way to manage many symptoms. While some women worry about weight gain from contraceptives, newer formulations minimize this concern.

Depending on individual needs, additional treatments may include:

• Anti-androgens – Medications that block hormones responsible for certain PCOS symptoms.

• Metformin (Glucophage) – A commonly used diabetes medication that serves as an alternative to contraceptives. While less effective for overall symptom management, it is essential when insulin resistance and high blood sugar are present. It can also aid in weight loss and help restore regular menstrual cycles.

• Topical treatments or antibiotics – Used for managing acne.

• Laser therapy or specialized creams – Effective for reducing excessive hair growth (hirsutism).

  
  

What If I Want to Get Pregnant? There are solutions! Most women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) can conceive, though it may take some time depending on the treatment approach. Losing weight can help regulate menstrual cycles and enhance fertility. If natural ovulation does not occur, a doctor can recommend the most suitable treatment to stimulate ovulation and support pregnancy.

Will my life change? Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) can lead a normal life. However, consulting an Endocrinologist is essential to determine the most effective treatment for managing symptoms and reducing the risk of associated health conditions.